Abstract: The article focuses on the creation of the algorithm of functioning of the biologically similar artificial neuron as an information subunit of an artificial neural network. At the moment, the mechanisms of functioning of biological neurons (memory formation, transmission of impulses, multiplexing of information, etc.) are well studied by the neurobiology, but these data are not in active use when creating a computing device of artificial neural networks.

The object of the research is a set of structural and functional elements of a biological neuron that enable it to function as a part of the biological neural network. The subject of the research is biologically similar model of artificial neuron with reinforcement as a functional subunit of an artificial neural network.

The study allowed combining modern neuroscience achievements, which allowed to take into account the biological components of the neuron as an information item (such as spiking nature of impulse transmission, synaptic plasticity, the production of the neurotransmitter molecules and their spending, etc.) during composing the algorithm of functioning of the artificial neuron. The proposed algorithm is close to biological counterparts, and can be used to create biologically similar artificial neural networks.